Article Review Why Do Managers Do What They Do

British Journal of Management, Vol. 10, 335-350 (1999) Why do Managers Do What They Do? Reconciling Evidence and Theory in Accounts of Managerial Work Colin Hales Westminster Business School, University of Westminster, London NWl 5LS, UK This article seeks to show that there has been surprisingly little interest in developing a causal explanation of the consistently documented common characteristics of managerial work and attempts to sketch out such an explanation. It is argued that researchers In the field have either contented themselves with description and correlation or have given priority to explaining variations, whilst theories of management have tended to suggest that managerial behaviour can be inferred, unproblematically,†¦show more content†¦Despite the recent retreat from, or even antipathy towards, meta-narratives or grand theory, it can still be argued that the aim of systematic enquiry is to explain or understand, rather than merely describe, social phenomena. Without an explanatory theory, however tentative, much of the evidence on what managers do is rather meaningless: a catalogue of disconnected actions, events a nd encounters. Second, and obversely, any body of theory which fails to generate or engage with empirical evidence remains only a speculative abstraction: interesting perhaps, but of little performative power. Third, on a more practical level, an explanatory account of why managers do, or have done, what they do, offers a basis for anticipating possible future changes in the nature of managerial work. Understanding which variables and processes impinge on managerial work - and how - makes it possible to do more than speculate on the effects of changes in these variables and processes. Finally, understanding the nature of, and reasons for, the common, generic characteristics of managerial work is also central to management education, training and development and to systems of managerial appraisal and remuneration. Whilst all of these have become more nuancedShow MoreRelatedWhat Effective Managers Really Do1609 Words   |  7 Pagesthe article: WHAT EFFECTIVE MANAGERS REALLY DO (KOTTER, 1982) 11 12 1 2 10 9 3 8 4 7 6 5 MBA Public Governance 4 Management Organization Dynamics Hugo Hendriks April 2004 Nijenrode University Management Organization Dynamics April 9, 2004 What effective managers really do (Kotter, 1982)1 This paper is part of my exam of Management Organization Dynamics at Nijenrode University. This paper starts with a summary of Kotters 1982 article What effective managers really do , byRead MoreHow Google Sold Its Engineers on Management894 Words   |  4 PagesGarvin’s article How Google Sold Its Engineers on Management describes Google’s unique approach to management. Google prides itself with having the best, most highly satisfied employees in the industry. A majority of its employees are engineers that prefer spending time creating and building, which makes it difficult for management to exist. Many of Google’s employees are also highly independent and do not like being micromanaged. Garvin (2013) described a 2002 experiment where Google made theirRead MoreAre You a Good Boss or a Great One1081 Words   |  5 PagesGREAT ONE 1. What are the pitfalls that plague managers? Ans. Many managers underestimate the transformational challenges of their roles. Managers in new assignments start out as receptive to change but as the managers start to settle in an organization they lose their fear of imminent failure and often grow complacent. Most bosses reach a level of proficiency and stop there-short of what they could and should have become, they stop growing and improving. Most often managers underestimate howRead MoreHow to Become a Great Leader1510 Words   |  7 PagesArticle Review: Are you a Good boss or a great one? By Linda A. Hill and Kent Lineback Submitted by Dominic Jenks Leadership Management Development, Module 2 – 17th September 2012 Summary In summary Hill and Lineback outlined in this article why the majority of managers will remain as a good boss. Hill and Lineback explained their views / ideas on how they believe a manager can become a great boss using the 3 main imperatives on becoming a great boss; manage yourself, manage your networkRead MoreHuman Capital Management ( Hcm ) Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesTo further explain the meaning of HCM, this paper will be broken down into three sections. Section 1: Will provide a theoretical component overview of key ideas assimilated from six Harvard Business Review (HBR) articles. Section 2: The experiential component involves interviewing employees, managers, and Human Resource (HR) professionals about their experiences related to HCM. 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Option 1 - Get Creative If you are completing option 1, theRead MoreA Brief Note On Organizations And Management, Research And Analysis986 Words   |  4 Pages11512340 ï ¿ ¼Task-2A: ARTICLE ANALYSIS (10%) Within the Garvin, D.A’s article entitled â€Å"How Google sold its engineers on management† the main argument is whether the Google company really requires having managerial positions within its management hierarchy. From time to time, various parties within the company have wondered whether managers matter as part of the company management. One assumption which the readers of the article have to bear in mind as they go through the article is that the questionRead MoreQuestions On Healthcare Financial Management Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesHealthcare Financial Management 60 no 1 78-81 Ja 2006, Title: What Does It Take to Lead? The article I have chosen to review summarizes core competencies on how to manage and lead within the Healthcare industry. Per the article there are five key domains that are common to all types of managers and leaders with in the Healthcare industry. The five domains are communication and relationship management, leadership, professionalism, knowledges of the Healthcare environment, and business knowledge andRead More The Training Practices of Results-Oriented Leader, by Clinton O. Longenecker1482 Words   |  6 PagesComplete a Journal Article Review related to one of the main traits associated with leaders. Introduction Clinton O. Longenecker wrote the article titled ‘The Training Practices of Results-Oriented Leaders’. It was published in the Industrial and Commercial Training Journal, Volume 39, Issue 7, in 2007. 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Your Studying Life Online Cloud Storage

Have you ever experienced the following: you are working on some paper, and then something happens to your computer and the precious file suddenly gets lost? Storing information on the hard drive has never been a safe option. Although hard drives are long-livers, they can unexpectedly crash whatever the reason might be. How about storing your files on all your devices at the same time and on no device at all? Cloud storages are all about that. Rather than relying on technology greatly, you must think about three things —  accessibility, security, and reliability. Cloud storage services win in all three aspects. First of all, you can create a file on one device and access it from any other device you choose —  you just need to know your login and password at the storage service. Secondly, you do not rely on the stability of your technology. Your file is stored on the remote servers and your devices simultaneously. It is crucial for you as a student to have access to your assignments any time, not just because you want to have them all in one place, but also because you always change your locations during the usual college day. You also might want to share information with your fellow students or professors, or you might be doing a group project. Cloud storage services deal with all these issues perfectly. Let us view the following four services that are here to make your life easier by storing your assignments, photos, and other files for you Dropbox Everyone knows Dropbox for its 2GB of free space, and a range of upgrading options. It is the right service when you need to save something there from your holiday photos to a dissertation. Whenever you want to share something, you just choose the object and copy its link. The best feature of this service is the ability to increase your storage up to 16GB by inviting friends, adding devices, and other actions. Google Drive This is the universal service for cloud storage and collaboration with 15GB of free space. You can not only create folders and upload files to them, but you can also use an arsenal of Google’s basic office software, such as Docs, Spreadsheets, and Drawing. You can create collaborative documents by starting one, sharing it onto others, and choosing the â€Å"can edit† option. Google has started a new service called Classroom which allows managing school tasks and accessing them online anytime. It is also free for students and teachers. OneDrive from Microsoft OneDrive is very similar to Google’s Drive. It offers everyone 15GB of disk space for free as well. The Office Online software has the functionality of Microsoft Office (Word, Excel). My Study Life My Study Life is a free storage service designed particularly for students and teachers (professors). They can create course programs there, add assignments, and do lots of things. It is like a virtual classroom, but with a powerful storage. It has a nice interface and is quite simple to use. If you are planning to use particular cloud storage for your school or college, then this one is good. If you are not using cloud storage yet, you should start doing it right now. There is a fair choice of them on the web, including the best ones like Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, and My Study Life. With their help, students can keep their assignments organized and always at hand. No excuses like â€Å"my floppy drive has crashed† will ever work again.

History of the English Language - 1655 Words

History of the English Language [47 words] This ever so changing, perpetually adapting and complex language that is English grew as large as it is today for a variety of reasons; all of which will be explained in this disquisition, point-by-point, following the three grand evolution periods of the language (Old, Middle and Modern English). Old English (5th century) The Celtic settlement of Britain (8th - 6th century B.C.) [71 words] Once upon a time, there were people named the Celts who roamed the lands of Europe. They conquered and explored most of it, before finally deciding one day to settle in one precise part of it; Britain. During these times, it was not uncommon for them to trade as well as to fight alongside the Romans and for that, a slight but nonetheless significant influence of Latin occurred on their language. The Roman conquest of Britain (43A.D.) [59 words] As the Roman Empire grew more and more thirsty for new territories to subjugate, Britain was quick to fall prey to their might. UponShow MoreRelatedHistory of English Language1776 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of the English Language One thing that makes human culture possible is the language, not thought. We cannot form a precise though without the power of words. Surely, we can relay on pictures, but language is the tool that will help the idea construct more completely, precisely, with more detail and finesse. Animals communicate, but their way of communication is based on cries consisted of limited number of symbols which have general meaning. Example: In case of danger: - A humanRead More The History of the English Language Essay2183 Words   |  9 PagesThe History of the English Language In this paper I will discuss where and how the English language originated and how it has spread to become one of the most spoken languages in the world. Before I started my research on my topic of choice, my original hypothesis was that the English language was started by a whole assortment of Germanic tribes invading England thousands of years ago. This ultimately became the goal of my paper, to see if Germanic tribes started the English language, or ifRead MoreEducating English Language Learners: History of Lau vs. Nichols1785 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Educating English Language Learners History of Lau v. Nichols The Supreme Court case  Lau v. Nichols  is truly a landmark case when it comes to public education, the rights of language learners and, in a bigger picture, the treatment of immigrants. Chinese American students residing in San Francisco and attending public schools there were responsible for this truly momentous case. These students, native Chinese speakers, and knowing very little English, were placed in standard classrooms whereRead More[Writer Name] [Supervisor Name] [Subject] [Date] History of the English Language and some of the1000 Words   |  4 Pages[Writer Name] [Supervisor Name] [Subject] [Date] History of the English Language and some of the many Factors that have influenced its Evolution Language is surely the most influential form of communication. It is the most powerful instrument an individual can have. By definition, language is the use voice sounds by human beings, organized in order to express and communicate thoughts and feelings. It is what h as shaped our society into what it has become today, what has allowed our civilizationRead MoreEssay about Women ´s Language: A History of Indian-English Women Writers2269 Words   |  10 PagesWomen’s Language: A history of Indian-English Women Writers. â€Å"Women have burnt like beacons in all the works of all the poets from the beginning of time. Indeed if woman had no existence save in the fiction written by men, one would imagine her a person of the utmost importance; very various; heroic and mean; splendid and sordid; beautiful and hideous in the extreme; as great as a man, some would say greater. But this is woman in fiction. In fact, as Professor Trevelyan points out, she was lockedRead MoreHow English Evolved Into A Modern Language797 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish is the official language of many countries all over the world and is spoken more and more every day(How English Evolved Into a Modern Language.). Modern English is the product of the invasions of England over a long period of time(Where Did the English Language Come From?). Throughout history English has influenced and been influenced by many different languages(A Brief History of the English Language.). Historically, English is divided into three periods: Old En glish or Anglo-SaxonRead MoreThe Language Of The English Language Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe English language has been the language that most people use in conversations and in everyday life. According to Carmen Santillana (2013), English is the most used language in the world, and there are one out of five people that can speak or understand the English language. There are 53 countries whose main language is English. According to a research in the US, it takes 4-7 years or even 10 years for a student in the US to develop their academic language proficiency (p. 85). Every country hasRead More Definition of the English Language Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pagesof the English Language The many varieties of dialects and accents of the English language make it difficult to put together one exact definition of what the English language is when looked upon as one unified language. One has to look at the evolutionary development of the language. It is therefore necessary to consider the historical events to grasp the coherence of the present situation regarding the English speaking nations of the world. The history of theRead MoreEssay On English Language702 Words   |  3 Pagesmillion people speak English worldwide. It is used in commerce, legislation, and as the basis for communication between countries. Many adolescents learn how to speak English in their early childhood, and many universities worldwide mainly teach in English. Historically, the most widely spoken language has originated from a very powerful nation. Thus, the influence of English-speaking countries is exceptionally great, incentivizing the widespread use of the language. Although English may be deemed theRead MoreEssay AngloSaxon Language1062 Words   |  5 PagesAngloSaxon Language Nearly all knowledge of the English language before the seventh century is hypothetical. Most of this knowledge is based on later English documents and earlier documents in related languages (3). The English language of today represents many centuries of development. As a continuous process, the development of the English language began in England around the year 449 with the arrival of several Germanic tribes including: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes (1, p

Dress Code And Uniforms Code - 956 Words

Have you ever wondered why we have dress code and not uniform for the schools? In the current society, all you see in the schools is a dress code. School that I attend has numerous problems dealing with the dress code for the reason that particular students decided not to acknowledge it. Couple of teachers has to take some time out of their teaching time to send the students to the office for dressing inappropriately. Although they have various problems with the policy, schools remain to enforce the dress code policy. Considering students cannot correctly follow the simple dress code, schools should require students to wear uniforms. Few public schools in the Tennessee require students to wear uniforms. In several countries, schools require students to wear uniforms. For instance, the school that I went to in India required uniforms too. Public schools requiring students to wear uniform will give them a sense of identity, increase their academic performance in the school, and reduce discrimination between the students. Frist of all, uniform gives students’ sense of identity; it creates a feeling of oneness and belonging to their school. If you gather a group of people and dress them all in a mutual way, they are likely to develop a group identity and a group ethic that has nothing to do with their personal identity or their individual perceptions of right and wrong. All the members of that cluster will put the equal effort in the work. What sport players, cheerleaders, andShow MoreRelatedSchool Dress Code And Uniforms1286 Words   |  6 PagesSchool Dress Code The topic about school dress codes and uniforms has become widespread throughout the United States. Located on the Idaho-Oregon border, this area of focus has become propionate in the small town of Payette, Idaho. There is currently a dress code in place, however, there are some outspoken people stating their concerns regarding the schools success based on what the students are wearing. The concerned community members want to give Payette school district a new appearance andRead MoreDress Codes And School Uniforms1248 Words   |  5 PagesIs there anything more embarrassing than being dress coded at school? Enforcing a dress code among children is unfair because it not only discriminates against people but it destroys someone’s whole day. Dress codes and school uniforms are meant to increase student achievement and make everyone equal but instead it only hurts people. Most school dress codes are unnecessary and are sexist. Enforcing dress codes is suppose to boost student a chievement but instead is racist, sexist and unnecessary.Read MoreUniform Dress Code For School1110 Words   |  5 PagesWe have all gone to a school where we were required to follow a certain dress code. The reason behind a uniform dress code may not be hard to understand but it is for the best. Some schools had a uniform that all their students were required to use on a daily basis. The dress code all depended on the school that the student attended and the grade level that they were in too. Enforcing a school dress code for all those students who are in grade levels Pre-K through 12th grade is extremely necessaryRead More Dress Codes and School Uniforms Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesDress Codes and School Uniforms The ringing of the alarm clock that is placed conveniently beside your bed wakes you. The sound startles your brain into getting out of your warm, cozy bed. It is time to go to school. You must wake up now in order to make it on time. If you are late again, your teacher will probably give you that nasty look of dismissal. What are you going to wear? Is this a dilemma you face each morning? Do you have trouble wanting to get out of your bed, and then you areRead MoreEssay on School Dress Codes and Uniforms Are Beneficial695 Words   |  3 PagesSchool Dress Codes and Uniforms Are Beneficial Do schools really need a dress code? Just ask parents of kids who have to wear them and they will probably say yes. With the dress code policy parents would be able o save money on clothes for their children(Dress 1). This would be a big help for children with poor families who cant afford the proper clothes for them to wear. In addition, with uniforms these kids wont are looked at any different than everyone else because they will have the sameRead More Against School Dress Codes and Uniforms Essay2272 Words   |  10 PagesThe Debate Between School Dress Codes and Uniforms The debate over school uniforms and dress codes has been going on for years and is still widely debated and talked about in the education system. Each side of the argument has many supporters. There are many pros and cons to each side so it is hard to really know what the right choice is. In Three Cups of Tea written by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin education is the main focus of the book. Although most of the book takes place halfRead MoreNursing Uniforms: Why There Should Be a Mandatory Dress Code for Nurses1623 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: -nursing uniforms:WHY THERE SHOULD BE A MANDATORY DRESS CODE FOR NURSES Nurses and uniforms Why There Should Be a Mandatory Dress Code for nurses Maria Gutierrez University of Central Florida Abstract The debate about nurses having a mandatory dress code such as a specific uniform and color, (white or not) has been a hot topic lately. The majority of nurses love the freedom they have of choosing their own uniforms and expressing part of their identity and style; however, theRead MoreDefinition Of Ethical Leadership : School Uniform Code And Should All Schools Implement Students Dress Code990 Words   |  4 Pagespaper will touch on dress code and should all schools implement students wearing school uniform. A dress code reduces stress, forms unification, and boost morale. Wearing a uniform creates unity. According to an article in the DailyMail, students â€Å"Having a uniform helps to reduce bullying in school, makes children better behaved outside the school gates and even aids concentration in class, researchers said.† (1) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-467353/School-uniform-improves-pupils-behaviour-schoolRead MoreSchool Uniform Policies Around The World90 5 Words   |  4 PagesApproximately one in five schools enforce a dress code, becoming common in America in the mid-1990s (â€Å"School Uniforms.†). Regulating what is acceptable for students to wear is a growing issue, because of the new society based on body image we live in today. Other countries such as Japan and Britain have enforced school uniforms for over a century and proudly reflect their culture (â€Å"School Uniform Policies Around the World.†). Schools should support a dress code and uniforms, because it will prepare studentsRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms979 Words   |  4 PagesThe age old argument of whether or not uniforms and dress codes should be enforced in schools seems to never conclude. The issue of appropriate clothing in schools is controversial and provoking. Many argue that abolishing a student’s choice in their attire violates their freedom of expression. Students use what they wear to express themselves; their clothin g gives them a sense of a unique style and identity. Others argue that permitting students to wear whatever clothing they like can create unnecessary

An Ecosystems Disturbance by a Pollutant Essay Example For Students

An Ecosystems Disturbance by a Pollutant Essay Paul CordovaL. LehrDecember 11, 1995Freedman defines a pollutant as the occurrence of toxic substances or energy ina larger quality then the ecological communities or particular species cantolerate without suffering measurable detriment (Freeman, 562). Although theeffects of a pollutant on an organism vary depending on the dose and duration(how long administered). The impact can be one of sublethality to lethality, alldependent upon the factors involved. These factors need to be looked at whendetermining an ecosystems disturbance by a pollutant. Some of the most frequent pollutants in our ecosystem include: gases such assulphur dioxide, elements such as mercury and arsenic, and even pollution bynutrients which is referred to as eutrophication. Each of these pollutants posea different effect on the ecosystem at different doses. This varied effect iswhat is referred to as dose and duration. The amount of the pollutantadministered over what period of time greatly affects the impact that thepollutant will have on an ecosystem and population. Pollutants can affect both a population and an ecosystem. A pollutant on apopulation level can be either non-target or target. Target effects are thosethat can kill off the entire population. Non-target effects are those thateffects a significant number of individuals and spreads over to otherindividuals, such is the case when crop dusters spread herbicides, insecticides. Next we look at population damage by a pollutant, which in turn has adetrimental effect on the ecosystem in several ways. First, by the killing of anentire population by a pollutant, it offsets the food chain and potentiallykills off other species that depended on that organism for food. Such is thecase when a keystone species is killed. If predators were the dominant specieshigh on the food chain, the organisms that the predator keep to a minimum couldmassively over produce creating a disturbance in the delicate balance ofcarrying capacity in the ecosystem. Along with this imbalance another potentialproblem in an ecosystem is the possibility of the pollutant accumulating in the(lipophilic) fat cells. As the pollutant makes it way through the food chain itincreases with the increasing body mass of the organism. These potentialproblems are referred to as bioconcentration and biomagnificaiton, respectively. Both of these problems being a great concern of humans because of their locationon the food chain. These are only a few of the impacts that a pollutant can haveon a population and ecosystem. Another factor to consider is the carrying capacity when evaluating the effectsof a pollutant on an ecosystem. A carrying capacity curve describes the numberof individuals that a specific ecosystem can sustain. Factors involved includeavailable resources (food, water, etc.), other members of the species ofreproductive age and abiotic factors such as climate, terrain are alldeterminants of carrying capacity. This curve is drawn below:# of individualsYearsIf a pollutant is introduced into an ecosystem , it can affect the carryingcapacity curve of several organisms (Chiras, 127). This effect on the curve iscaused by the killing off of the intolerant and allowing more room for both theresistant strain and new organisms. In some cases the pollutant will createunsuitable habitats causing migration. Another important part of the idea of a carrying capacity is the Verholst(logistic) equation: The actual growth rate is equal to the potential growthrate multiplied by the carrying capacity level. Three major characteristicsexist for this equation. First, that the rate of growth is density dependent,the larger the population, the slower it will grow. Secondly, the populationgrowth is not limited and will reach a stable maximum. Lastly, the speed atwhich a population approaches its maximum value is solely determined by the rateof increase (r). In a population with a stable age structure this would be thebirth rate minus the death rate, but this is almost impossible. If any of thevariables in this equation are affected by a pollutant then the growth rate ofan organism can be seriously affected which can in turn affect the entireecosystem (Freeman, 122). .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 , .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 .postImageUrl , .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 , .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13:hover , .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13:visited , .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13:active { border:0!important; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13:active , .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13 .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13c3a358f24119e2f87f5ff043f54a13:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Epidemiology in Nutrition EssayNow using the approach of classical toxicology we study the poisoning effects ofchemicals on individual animals resulting in lethal or sublethal effects. Effects on individuals may range from rapid death (lethal) through sublethaleffects to no effects at all. The most obvious effect of exposure to a pollutantis rapid death and it is common practice to assess this type of toxicity by theLD50 (the lethal dose for 50%

Professional Practice Assignment

Question: Discuss an alternate course of action to address this issue and two preventative courses of action.ensure your argument addressed the marking criteria1. The issue is dealt in a logical highly convincing discussion with support form ethical and legislative literature.2. Provide an alternative way to deal with this issue in a logical highly convincing discussion with support from ethical and legislative literature.3. Prevention of this issue is discussed in a logical highly convincing discussion with support from ethical and legislative literature.4. Provide an alternative way to prevent this issue in a logical highly convincing discussion with support from ethical and legislative literature.5. Presentation in a professional manner of a consistently high standard throughout , acknowledged within the text, listed in the reference list , high quality, relevant , peer-reviewed , in the reference list correctly? Answer: 1. Defining a particular issue in healthcare: In healthcare organization, issue of hand hygiene has been increased a lot. Both patients as well as healthcare professionals are lacking from effective use of hand hygiene aspects. Keating et al. (2013) stated that, hand hygiene is the very crucial thing that needs to be done for the sake of healthcare organization. Hand hygiene is painstaking as the most important issue, which diminish the spread out of nosocomial pathogens. Often patients feel stressed as well as helpless for their problem. Especially, for the patients who are mentally ill often lacks from hand hygiene with the healthcare professionals. Washing hands prior to as well as subsequent to patient communication looks like a straightforward resolution to avoid the transmission of bacteria between patients. It is also the fact that various health care institutions have hand hygiene policies in position that direct their workforce to avoid hand hygiene related issues. But, in practical, it is not as easy as it looks like. Patients often become less concerned to follow hand hygiene aspects (Khandpur, 2014). As mentioned in the New York Times, due to hand hygiene issues department officials of V.A. Hospital failing to provide opportunities better health care (Philipps, 2015). On the other hand HICKEY (2014) stated that, less concern about hand hygiene among patients and healthcare professionals happens only for using nonstandard terminology and informal as well as rushed interaction at the time of transferring the patients from the healthcare organization. At the time of discharging the patients, coordination and care are often missed by the organization of healthcare (Commonwealthfund.org, 2015). 2. Alternative way to deal with the hand hygiene issue: As stated by DiPersio (2013), there are several alternative ways to deal with the issues of hand hygiene. Healthcare professional should be aware about the cultures of different individual patients of the particular healthcare organization. For the physically handicapped person who cannot hear or see, interpreters should be utilized by the professionals in order to provide guidance how to maintain hand hygiene standard for the patients. On the other hand, Ang et al. (2013) stated that, different types of effective communication, like verbal and non verbal mode of communication needs to be learned by the healthcare professionals that will help to build effective use of hand hygiene standards (Health.gov.au,. 2015). 3. Prevention of the issues: Issue has to be prevented with the effective means of different mode of communication related to hand hygiene. Prevention strategies Discussion Verbal, spoken and lip reading Healthcare professional therefore should use verbal, spoken and lip reading as well as sign related communication method. Effective training Effective training within the healthcare professionals needs to be provided by the organization. Systemic approach Systemic approach should be taken by the healthcare professionals of an organization (de Witt, Ploeg, 2014). Posters, letter, etc can be used for providing colorful communication with the disable persons. 4. Alternative way for preventing the issues: Alternative ways Discussion Gentle care Barber (2014) stated that, patients should be treated with gentle care. However, for providing gentle care, effective communication about hand hygiene standard is very much required for the development of the patients and also indirectly then organization. Therefore, Flores White (2005) argued that, healthcare professional should provide a person centered approach to all those patients. Person centered approach Person centered approach has been defined by Meyer (2013), that every individual person needs to be treated in accordance with their own attitude, beliefs and personality. For providing person centered approach, effective communication can be helpful. Training and development of effective communication Khan Niazi (2013) stated that, future health professionals should be trained by the basis of prior instruction of training and development of effective communication. Every healthcare professional should be given particular role play task for improving the communication process of healthcare professionals. Reference list Books Keating, M., McDermott, A., Montgomery, K (2013) Patient-centred health care Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Khan Niazi, A. (2013). The diverse issues of Healthcare in Low-resource Settings Healthc Low Resour Settings, 1(1), 15 doi:10.4081/hls.2013.e15 Meyer, S. (2013). Investigations of trust in public and private healthcare in Australia: A qualitative study of patients with heart disease. Journal Of Sociology. doi:10.1177/1440783313500855 Flores, D., White, S. (2005). Interview with a Quality Leader: Frank May on Healthcare Quality Issues in Australia and the United States. Journal For Healthcare Quality, 27(3), 29-33. doi:10.1111/j.1945-1474.2005.tb00555.x Barber, C. (2014). Disability discrimination 4: experiences of disabled healthcare professionals. British Journal Of Healthcare Assistants, 8(11), 550-553. doi:10.12968/bjha.2014.8.11.550 de Witt, L., Ploeg, J. (2014). Caring for older people living alone with dementia: Healthcare professionals' experiences. Dementia. doi:10.1177/1471301214523280 HICKEY, J. (2014). Clinical practice of neurological and neurosurgical nursing. St. louis: Wolters kluwer health. Huang, Z., Liu, C., He, J., Huang, G. (2014). Web information systems engineering - WISE 2013 workshops. Berlin: Springer. Khandpur, R. (2014). Handbook of biomedical instrumentation. New York: McGraw Hill Education. Journals Ang, W., Swain, N., Gale, C. (2013). Evaluating communication in healthcare: Systematic review and analysis of suitable communication scales. Journal Of Communication In Healthcare, 6(4), 216-222. doi:10.1179/1753807613y.0000000041 DiPersio, L. (2013). Strategies for health care cost containment in 2013. Journal Of Communication In Healthcare, 6(1), 1-2. doi:10.1179/1753806813z.00000000042 Keeley, D. (2014). Ignorance about teaching inhaler technique is widespread among healthcare professionals. BMJ, 348(jun05 11), g3452-g3452. doi:10.1136/bmj.g3452 Hayes, C., Collins, M. (2013). Organisational contexts of communication in healthcare. Br J Healthcare Assistants, 7(11), 553-555. doi:10.12968/bjha.2013.7.11.553 Websites Commonwealthfund.org (2015) The Commonwealth Fun. Retrieved 7 March 2015, from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/ Health.gov.au,. (2015). Department of Health | Welcome to the Department of Health Retrieved 7 March 2015, from https://www.health.gov.au Philipps, M. (2015).Progress Is Slow at V.A. Hospitals in Wake of Crisis. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/14/us/obama-va-hospital-phoenix.html [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015].